- Erickson, Tomlin & Swain - Modeling & Role-Modeling Theory (MRM)
- Fitzpatrick, Joyce J. - Life Perspective Rhythm Model
- Hall, Lydia E. - Core, Care and Cure Model
- Henderson, Virginia - Definition of Nursing
- King, Imogene M. - Systems Framework and Theory of Goal Attainment
- Kolcaba, Katharine - Theory of Comfort
- Leininger, Madeleine - Transcultural Nursing Model
- Levine, Myra Estrin - The Conservation Model
- Martinsen, Kari - Nursing Philosophy
- Mercer, Ramona T. - Maternal Role Attainment
- Neuman, Betty - The Neuman Systems Model
- Neuman, Margaret - Health as Expanding Consciousness
- Nightingale, Florence - (Systemic approach to health care)
- Orem, Dorothea E. - Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory
- Orlando, Ida Jean - Nursing Process Theory
- Parse, Rosemarie Rizzo - Theory of Human Becoming
- Peplau, Hildegard E. - Interpersonal Relations Model
- Rogers, Martha E. - The Science of Unitary Human Beings
- Roper, Logan & Tierney - The Elements of Nursing: A Model for Nursing Based on a Model of Living
- Roy, Callista - The Roy Adaptation Model
- Watson, Jean - Theory of Caring in Nursing
- Wiedenbach, Ernestine - The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing
Monday, November 17, 2008
Theorists and Theories
Mnemonics
ANATOMY
Bowel components - "Dow Jones Industrial Average Closing Stock Report":
From proximal to distal:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Appendix
Colon
Sigmoid
Rectum
Alternatively: to include the cecum, "Dow Jones Industrial Climbing Average Closing Stock Report".
Knowledge Level 1, System: Alimentary
Anonymous Contributor
Diaphragm apertures: spinal levels
Aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T12
Oesophagus = 10 letters = T10
Vena cava = 8 letters = T8
Knowledge Level 1, System: Alimentary
Oriade Adeoye Dept. of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, OAU, Ile-Ife
Duodenum: lengths of parts
"Counting 1 to 4 but staggered":
1st part: 2 inches
2nd part: 3 inches
3rd part: 4 inches
4th part: 1 inch
Knowledge Level 5, System: Alimentary
Anonymous Contributor
Liver inferior markings showing right/left lobe vs. vascular divisions
There's a Hepatic "H" on inferior of liver. One vertical stick of the H is the dividing line for anatomical right/left lobe and the other vertical stick is the divider for vascular halves. Stick that divides the liver into vascular halves is the one with vena cava impression (since vena cava carries blood, it's fortunate that it's the divider for blood halves).
Knowledge Level 5, System: Alimentary
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin
Meckel's diverticulum details
2 inches long.
2 feet from end of ileum.
2 times more common in men.
2% occurrence in population.
2 types of tissues may be present.
Note: "di-" means "two", so diverticulum is the thing with all the twos.
Knowledge Level 2, System: Alimentary
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin
Aorta vs. vena cava: right vs. left
Aorta and right each have 5 letters, so aorta is on the right.
Vena and cava and left each have 4 letters, so vena cava is on the left.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin
Aortic arch: major branch order - "Know your ABC'S":
Aortic arch gives rise to:
Brachiocephalic trunk
left Common Carotid
left Subclavian
Beware though trick question of 'What is first branch of aorta?' Technically, it's the coronary arteries.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous Contributor
Atrioventricular valves - "LAB RAT":
Left Atrium: Bicuspid
Right Atrium: Tricuspid
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Amir A. Ghaferi Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Axillary artery branches - "Screw The Lawyer Save A Patient":
Superior thoracic
Thoracoacromiol
Lateral thoracic
Subscapular
Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior circumflex humeral
Alternatively: "Some Times Life Seems A Pain".
Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous contributor and Joe Azzopardi Not specified and Xarabank
Brachial artery: recurrent and collateral branches - "I Am Pretty Sexy"
Inferior ulnar collateral artery goes with Anterior ulnar recurrent artery.
Posterior ulnar recurrent artery goes with Superior ulnar collateral artery.
Alternatively: "I Am Pretty Smart".
Knowledge Level 5, System: Cardiovascular
Paul's Boutique Western University College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific
Carotid sheath contents - "I See 10 CC's in the IV"
I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid artery
10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve)
CC = Common Carotid artery
IV = Internal Jugular Vein
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous Contributor
Cavernous sinus contents - O TOM CAT
O TOM are lateral wall components, in order from superior to inferior.
CA are the components within the sinus, from medial to lateral. CA ends at the level of T from O TOM.
See diagram.
Occulomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Carotid artery
Abducent nerve (VI)
T: When written, connects to the T of OTOM.
Knowledge Level 4, System: Cardiovascular
Jonathan Vafai New York University School of Medicine
Coelic trunk: branches - Left Hand Side (LHS):
Left gastric artery
Hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Dr. Harsh Sharma
Descending abdominal aorta branches from diaphragm to iliacs - "Prostitutes Cause Sagging Swollen Red Testicles [in men] Living In Sin":
Phrenic [inferior]
Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Suprarenal [middle]
Renal
Testicular ["in men" only]
Lumbars
Inferior mesenteric
Sacral
Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular
Josser Mt. Sinai Medical School
External carotid artery branches - "Some Anatomists Like F*#king, Others Prefer S & M":
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Superficial temporal
Maxillary
Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous Contributor
Femoral triangle: arrangement of contents
NAVEL:
From lateral hip towards medial navel:
Nerve (directly behind sheath)
Artery (within sheath)
Vein (within sheath)
Empty space (between vein and lymph)
Lymphatics (with deep inguinal node)
Nerve/Artery/Vein are all called Femoral.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Andrew J. Vasil UMD School of Medicine, Duluth, MN
Heart valve sequence - "Try Pulling My Aorta":
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aorta
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Michael Franco Melbourne University, Australia
Inferior vena cava tributaries - "I Like To Rise So High":
Illiacs
Lumbar
Testicular
Renal
Suprarenal
Hepatic vein.
Think of the IVC wanting to rise high up to the heart.
Knowledge Level 3, System: Cardiovascular
Usman Ahmad KMC
Internal iliac artery: anterior branches
What Bill admitted to Hilary: "I Milked Our Insatiable Intern's Udders Under the Desk":
Inferior gluteal
Middle rectal
Obturator
Inferior vesical artery
Internal pudendal artery
Umbilical
U/D=Uterine artery (female)/ Deferential artery (male)
Knowledge Level 4, System: Cardiovascular
Anonymous Contributor
Internal jugular vein: tributaries - "Medical Schools Let Confident People In":
From inferior to superior:
Middle thyroid
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Common facial
Pharyngeal
Inferior petrosal sinus
Knowledge Level 6, System: Cardiovascular
LaShawn A. Weaver Medical University of South Carolina
Liver: side with ligamentum venosum/ caudate lobe vs. side with quadrate lobe/ ligamentum teres - "VC goes with VC":
The Venosum and Caudate is on same side as Vena Cava [posterior]. Therefore, quadrate and teres must
be on anterior by default.
Common Nursing Abbreviations
A /G = albumin/globulin ratio
ABG = arterial blood gases
AC = before eating
ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme
ACL = anterior cruciate ligament
ACLS = advanced cardiac life support
ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone
ad lib = as much as needed
ADH = anti-diuretic hormone
ADL = activities of daily living
AFB = acid-fast bacilli
AFP = alpha-fetoprotein
AGA = appropriate for gestational age
AI = aortic insufficiency
AIDS = acquired immune deficiency syndrome
AKA = above knee amputation
ALD = alcoholic liver disease
ALL = acute lymphocytic leukemia
ALP = alkaline phosphatase
ALT = alanine transaminase, alanine aminotransferase
ATN = acute tubular necrosis
AU = both ears
AV = atrioventricular
B.S. = Bachelor of Science
B/K = below knee
BM = bowel movement or breast milk
BX = biopsy
c = with
C/O = complaining of
CA = calcium, cancer, carcinoma
CAA = crystalline amino acids
CABG = coronary artery bypass graft
CAD = coronary artery disease
CAPD = continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
CAT = computerized axial tomography
CBC = complete blood count
CBD = common bile duct
CBG = capillary blood gas
CBI = continuous bladder irrigation
CBS = capillary blood sugar
CC = chief complaint
CCK = cholecystokinin
CCPD = continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis
CCU = clean catch urine or cardiac care unit
CCV = critical closing volume
CF = cystic fibrosis
CHF = congestive heart failure
CHO = carbohydrate
CI = cardiac index
CLT = Clinical Laboratory Technician
CML = chronic myelogenous leukemia
CN = cranial nerves
CNS = central nervous system
CO = cardiac output
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CP = chest pain, cleft palate
CPD = cephalo-pelvic disproportion
CPK = creatinine phosphokinase
CPP = cerebral perfusion pressure
CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CRCL = creatinine clearance
CRF = chronic renal failure
CRT = capillary refill time
CSF = cerebrospinal fluid
CT = computerized tomography
CVA = cerebral vascular accident, costovertebral angle
CVP = central venous pressure
D5W = 5% dextrose in water
DAT = diet as tolerated
DC = (dc) discontinue
DIC = disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis
DM = diabetes mellitus
DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
DNR = do not resuscitate
DOA = dead on arrival
DOE = dyspnea on exertion
DPT = diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
DTR = deep tendon reflexes
DVT = deep venous thrombosis
DX = diagnosis
EAA = essential amino acids
EBL = estimated blood loss
EBV = Epstein-Barr Virus
ECF = extracellular fluid, extended care facility
ECG = electrocardiogram
ECT = electroconvulsive therapy
EENT = eye, ear, nose and throat
EFAD = essential fatty acid deficiency
EMG = electromyogram
EMV = eyes, motor, verbal response (Glasgow coma scale)
ENT = ears, nose, and throat
EOM = extraocular muscles
ESR = erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESRD = end stage renal disease
ET = endotracheal tube
ETT = endotracheal tube
EUA = examination under anesthesia
FBS = fasting blood sugar
FDA = Food & Drug Administration
FEV = forced expiratory volume
FFP = fresh frozen plasma
FNP = Family Nurse Practitioner
GB = gallbladder
GC = gonorrhea
GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease
GFR = glomerular filtration rate
GI = gastrointestinal
GSW = gun shot wound
GTT = glucose tolerance test
GU = genitourinary
HB = hemoglobin
HBP = high blood pressure
HCG = human chorionic gonadotropin
HCO3 = bicarbonate
HCT = hematocrit
HD = hemodialysis
HDL = high density lipoprotein
HEENT = head, eyes, ears, nose, throat
ABG = arterial blood gases
AC = before eating
ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme
ACL = anterior cruciate ligament
ACLS = advanced cardiac life support
ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone
ad lib = as much as needed
ADH = anti-diuretic hormone
ADL = activities of daily living
AFB = acid-fast bacilli
AFP = alpha-fetoprotein
AGA = appropriate for gestational age
AI = aortic insufficiency
AIDS = acquired immune deficiency syndrome
AKA = above knee amputation
ALD = alcoholic liver disease
ALL = acute lymphocytic leukemia
ALP = alkaline phosphatase
ALT = alanine transaminase, alanine aminotransferase
ATN = acute tubular necrosis
AU = both ears
AV = atrioventricular
B.S. = Bachelor of Science
B/K = below knee
BM = bowel movement or breast milk
BX = biopsy
c = with
C/O = complaining of
CA = calcium, cancer, carcinoma
CAA = crystalline amino acids
CABG = coronary artery bypass graft
CAD = coronary artery disease
CAPD = continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
CAT = computerized axial tomography
CBC = complete blood count
CBD = common bile duct
CBG = capillary blood gas
CBI = continuous bladder irrigation
CBS = capillary blood sugar
CC = chief complaint
CCK = cholecystokinin
CCPD = continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis
CCU = clean catch urine or cardiac care unit
CCV = critical closing volume
CF = cystic fibrosis
CHF = congestive heart failure
CHO = carbohydrate
CI = cardiac index
CLT = Clinical Laboratory Technician
CML = chronic myelogenous leukemia
CN = cranial nerves
CNS = central nervous system
CO = cardiac output
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CP = chest pain, cleft palate
CPD = cephalo-pelvic disproportion
CPK = creatinine phosphokinase
CPP = cerebral perfusion pressure
CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CRCL = creatinine clearance
CRF = chronic renal failure
CRT = capillary refill time
CSF = cerebrospinal fluid
CT = computerized tomography
CVA = cerebral vascular accident, costovertebral angle
CVP = central venous pressure
D5W = 5% dextrose in water
DAT = diet as tolerated
DC = (dc) discontinue
DIC = disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis
DM = diabetes mellitus
DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
DNR = do not resuscitate
DOA = dead on arrival
DOE = dyspnea on exertion
DPT = diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
DTR = deep tendon reflexes
DVT = deep venous thrombosis
DX = diagnosis
EAA = essential amino acids
EBL = estimated blood loss
EBV = Epstein-Barr Virus
ECF = extracellular fluid, extended care facility
ECG = electrocardiogram
ECT = electroconvulsive therapy
EENT = eye, ear, nose and throat
EFAD = essential fatty acid deficiency
EMG = electromyogram
EMV = eyes, motor, verbal response (Glasgow coma scale)
ENT = ears, nose, and throat
EOM = extraocular muscles
ESR = erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESRD = end stage renal disease
ET = endotracheal tube
ETT = endotracheal tube
EUA = examination under anesthesia
FBS = fasting blood sugar
FDA = Food & Drug Administration
FEV = forced expiratory volume
FFP = fresh frozen plasma
FNP = Family Nurse Practitioner
GB = gallbladder
GC = gonorrhea
GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease
GFR = glomerular filtration rate
GI = gastrointestinal
GSW = gun shot wound
GTT = glucose tolerance test
GU = genitourinary
HB = hemoglobin
HBP = high blood pressure
HCG = human chorionic gonadotropin
HCO3 = bicarbonate
HCT = hematocrit
HD = hemodialysis
HDL = high density lipoprotein
HEENT = head, eyes, ears, nose, throat
Common Syndromes
DOWN SYNDROME:
Trisomy 21. Mental retardation, characteristic facial features, Simeon crease in hand.
MARFAN SYNDROME: Connective Tissue disorder
* Arachnodactyly: Abnormally long digits and extremities
* Subluxation of lens
* Dissecting aortic aneurism
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME: Unexplained death in sleeping infants.
TURNER'S SYNDROME: XO monosomy.
* Dwarfism
* Webbed neck
* Valgus of elbow.
* Amenorrhea
WILSON SYNDROME: Congenital defect in Ceruloplasmin, leading to buildup of copper mental retardation, cirrhosis, hepatolenticular degeneration.
AMENNORRHEA-GALACTORRHEA SYNDROME: Non-physiologic lactation, resulting from endocrinologic causes or from a pituitary disorder.
CUSHING'S SYNDROME: Hypersecretion of cortisol secondary symptoms and characteristics:
* Fatness of face and trunk with wasting of extremities
* Buffalo hump
* Bone decalacification
* Corticoid diabetes
* Hypertension
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME: Abnormal sensation in breasts, abdominal pain, thirst, headache, pelvic congestion, nervous irritability.
Ocassionally nausea and vomiting.
GUILLAN-BARRE SYNDROME: Infectious Polyneuritis of unknown cause.
REYE'S SYNDROME: Loss of consciousness and seizures in kids, after a viral infection treated by aspirin.
REITER'S SYNDROME: Symptom cluster. Etiology is thought to be Chlamydial or post-chlamydial.
Urethritis
Iridocyclitis (Conjunctivitis)
Arthritis
Skin lesions like karatoderma blenorrhagicum
Also can see fatty liver or liver necrosis.
STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME: Erythema Multiforme complication.
Large areas of skin slough, including mouth and anogenital membranes.
Mucous membranes: stomatitis, urethritis, conjunctivitis.
Headache, fever, malaise.
TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME: Caused by superabsorbent tampons. Infection with Staph Aureus and subsequent toxicity of exotoxin TSST systemic anaphylaxis.
* Fever, vomiting, diarrhea
* Red rash followed by desquamation
CARPAL-TUNNEL SYNDROME: Compression of Median Nerve through the Carpal Tunnel - pain and parasthesia over distribution of Median N.
HORNER'S SYNDROME: Loss or lesion of cervical sympathetic ganglion -
* Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis
* Enophthalmos (caved in eyes)
KORSAKOFF SYNDROME: Loss of short-term memory in chronic alcoholism, caused by degeneration of mamillary bodies.
MALABSORPTION SYNDROME: Impaired absorption of dietary substance - diarrhea, weakness, weight loss, or symptoms from specific deficiencies.
RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME: Need to stretch legs at night before going to sleep; twitch in legs causing insomnia.
Trisomy 21. Mental retardation, characteristic facial features, Simeon crease in hand.
MARFAN SYNDROME: Connective Tissue disorder
* Arachnodactyly: Abnormally long digits and extremities
* Subluxation of lens
* Dissecting aortic aneurism
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME: Unexplained death in sleeping infants.
TURNER'S SYNDROME: XO monosomy.
* Dwarfism
* Webbed neck
* Valgus of elbow.
* Amenorrhea
WILSON SYNDROME: Congenital defect in Ceruloplasmin, leading to buildup of copper mental retardation, cirrhosis, hepatolenticular degeneration.
AMENNORRHEA-GALACTORRHEA SYNDROME: Non-physiologic lactation, resulting from endocrinologic causes or from a pituitary disorder.
CUSHING'S SYNDROME: Hypersecretion of cortisol secondary symptoms and characteristics:
* Fatness of face and trunk with wasting of extremities
* Buffalo hump
* Bone decalacification
* Corticoid diabetes
* Hypertension
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME: Abnormal sensation in breasts, abdominal pain, thirst, headache, pelvic congestion, nervous irritability.
Ocassionally nausea and vomiting.
GUILLAN-BARRE SYNDROME: Infectious Polyneuritis of unknown cause.
REYE'S SYNDROME: Loss of consciousness and seizures in kids, after a viral infection treated by aspirin.
REITER'S SYNDROME: Symptom cluster. Etiology is thought to be Chlamydial or post-chlamydial.
Urethritis
Iridocyclitis (Conjunctivitis)
Arthritis
Skin lesions like karatoderma blenorrhagicum
Also can see fatty liver or liver necrosis.
STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME: Erythema Multiforme complication.
Large areas of skin slough, including mouth and anogenital membranes.
Mucous membranes: stomatitis, urethritis, conjunctivitis.
Headache, fever, malaise.
TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME: Caused by superabsorbent tampons. Infection with Staph Aureus and subsequent toxicity of exotoxin TSST systemic anaphylaxis.
* Fever, vomiting, diarrhea
* Red rash followed by desquamation
CARPAL-TUNNEL SYNDROME: Compression of Median Nerve through the Carpal Tunnel - pain and parasthesia over distribution of Median N.
HORNER'S SYNDROME: Loss or lesion of cervical sympathetic ganglion -
* Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis
* Enophthalmos (caved in eyes)
KORSAKOFF SYNDROME: Loss of short-term memory in chronic alcoholism, caused by degeneration of mamillary bodies.
MALABSORPTION SYNDROME: Impaired absorption of dietary substance - diarrhea, weakness, weight loss, or symptoms from specific deficiencies.
RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME: Need to stretch legs at night before going to sleep; twitch in legs causing insomnia.
Herbal Plants
1) ALOE VERA
Aloe vera syn. A. barbadensis (Liliaceae)
The clear gel found inside the plant's leaf contains aloin, are both used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. It is a effective healer of wounds and burns, speeding up the rate of healing and reducing the risk of infection. The brownish part containing aloin is a strong laxative, useful for short-term constipation. Aloe is present in many cosmetic's formulae because its emollient and scar preventing properties.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Heals wounds, emollient, laxative.
2) ANGELICA
Angelica arcangelica (Umbelliferae)
Angelica has been used to reduce muscular spasms in asthma and bronchitis. It has also been shown to ease rheumatic inflammation, to regulate menstrual flow and as an appetite stimulant. The stems are candied for culinary use.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antispasmodic, promotes menstrual flow.
3) ANISE
Pimpinella anisum (Umbelliferae)
It has been used as a flavoring spice in recipes and as a diuretic, to treat digestive problems and to relieve toothache. Anise seeds are known for their ability to reduce flatulence and colic, to settle the digestion, to relieve colic, and to ease nausea and indigestion. It also has an expectorant and antispasmodics action that is helpful in countering period pain, asthma, whooping cough and bronchitis. The mild hormonal action of anise seeds may explain its ability to increase breast-milk production and its reputation for easing childbirth and treating impotence and frigidity. Anise essential oil is used externally to treat lice and scabies.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Reduces colic and flatulence, promotes digestion, antispasmodic
4) ARNICA
Arnica montana (Compositae)
Arnica improves the local blood supply and accelerates healing. It is anti-inflammatory and increases the rate of re-absorption of internal bleeding. The internal use of arnica is restricted to homeopathic dosages as it is potentially toxic.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, germicide, muscular soreness, pain reliever.
5) ARROWROOT
Maranta arundinacea (Marantaceae)
Its root is used as a poultice for smallpox sores, and as an infusion for urinary infections. It helps to relieve acidity, indigestion and colic, and is mildly laxative. It may be applied as an ointment or poultice mixed with some other antiseptic herbs such as comfrey.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, digestive, antiseptic.
6) ARTEMISIA, WORMWOOD
Artemisia absinthium (Compositae)
Wormwood has a marked tonic effect on the stomach, the gallbladder and in adjusting weak digestive problems. It is used to expel roundworms and threadworms. By improving the functions of the digestive system it helps in many conditions, including anaemia. It is also a muscle relaxant occasionally used to treat rheumatism. The leaves of wormwood have antiseptic properties which may derive from the azulenes that the plant contains.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Bitter, carminative, muscle relaxant, antiseptic.
7) BASIL, HOLY BASIL
Ocimum sanctum (Labiatae)
The herb has very important medicinal properties - notably its ability to reduce blood sugar levels. It also prevents peptic ulcers and other stress related conditions like hypertension, colitis and asthma. Basil is also used to treat cold and reduce fever, congestion and joint pain. Due to its anti-bacterial and fungicide action, basil leaves are used on itching skin, insect biting and skin affections.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Lowers blood sugar levels, antispasmodic, analgesic, lowers blood pressure, reduces fever, fungicidal, anti-inflammatory.
8) BELLADONA, DEADLY NITIGHTSHADE
Atropa belladonna (Solanaceae)
Herba bella dona, or "herb of the beautiful lady" is known for its poisonous effects (belladonna increases heartbeat and can lead to death), like many other plants it is an important and beneficial remedy when used correctly. Belladonna contains atropine used in conventional medicine to dilate the pupils for eye examinations and as an anesthetic. In herbal medicine, deadly nightshade is mainly prescribed to relieve intestinal colic, to treat peptic ulcers and to relax distended organs, especially the stomach and intestine. Deadly nightshade is also used as an anaesthetic in conventional medicine.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Smooth muscle, antispasmodic, narcotic, reduces sweating, sedative.
9) BENZOIN GUM
Styrax benzoin (Styraceae)
Its trunk exudes a gum well known for its strong astringent and antiseptic action. For this reason it is used externally to fight tissue inflammation and disinfection of wounds. When taken internally, benzoin gum acts to settle griping pain, to stimulate coughing, and to disinfect the urinary tract. Benzoin gum is widely used in cosmetics as an antioxidant in oils, as a fixative in perfumes and as an additive to soaps. When steam inhaled, it helps healing sore throats, head and chest colds, asthma and bronchitis.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, astringent, anti-inflammatory.
10) BERGAMOT
Citrus bergamia syn. C. aurantium var. bergamia (Rutaceae)
Bergamot oil, expressed from the peel, assists in avoiding infectious diseases. In cosmetics it is used in preventing oily skin, acne, psoriasis and acne. The oil (or constituents of it) is sometimes added to sun-tanning oils. Bergamot oil is also used to relieve tension, relax muscle spasms and improve digestion.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Disinfectant, muscle relaxant.
11) BITTER ORANGE
Citrus aurantium (Rutaceae)
Its oil contains flavonoids which are anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal. Bitter orange juice is rich in vitamin C which helps the immune system. As an infusion, it helps to relieve fever, soothe headaches and lower fever. It yields neroli oil from its flowers, and the oil known as petitgrain from its leaves and young shoots. Both distillates are used extensively in perfumery. Orange flower water is a by-product of distillation and is used in perfumery and to flavor sweets and biscuits, as well as being used medicinally to reduce heart rate and palpitations, to encourage sleep and calm the digestive tract.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, digestive.
12) BOLDO
Peumus boldus (Umbelliferae)
It activates the secretion of saliva and gastric juices. Boldine, one of its constituents, induces the flow of bile as well as the total amount of solids that it excretes. Its protective action over the hepatic cells has been demonstrated "in vitro" and "in vivo". Boldo stimulates liver activity and bile flow and is chiefly valued as a remedy for gallstones and liver or gallbladder pain. It is normally taken for a few weeks at a time, either as a tincture or infusion. Boldo also has antiseptic properties which help in combating cystitis.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Bile and liver activity stimulant, digestive.
13) CALENDULA, MARIGOLD
Calendula officinallis (Compositae)
Marigold is one of the best herbs for treating local skin problems. Infusions or decoctions of Calendula petals decrease the inflammation of sprains, stings, varicose veins and other swellings and also soothes burns, sunburns, rashes and skin irritations. These remedies are excellent for inflamed and bruised skin, their antiseptic and healing properties helping to prevent the spread of infection and accelerate the healing. Marigold is also a cleansing and detoxifying herb, and the infusion and tincture are used to treat chronic infections. Taken internally, it has been used traditionally to promote the draining of swollen lymph glands such as tonsillitis.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, astringent, heals wounds, antiseptic, detoxifying.
14) CAMPHOR
Cinnamomum camphora syn. Laurus camphora (Lauraceae)
Camphor crystals have strong antiseptic, stimulant and antispasmodic properties and are applied externally as unguents or balms as a counter-irritant and analgesic liniment to relieve arthritic and rheumatic pains, neuralgia and back pain. It may also be applied to skin problems, such as cold sores and chilblains, and used as a chest rub for bronchitis and other chest infections.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, antispasmodic, analgesic, expectorant.
15) CARDAMOM
Elettaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae)
Cardamom is an excellent remedy for many digestive problems, helping to soothe indigestion, dyspepsia, gastralgia, colon spasms and flatulence. It has an aromatic and pungent taste and combines well with other herbs and helps to disguise the less pleasant taste of other herbs.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Eases stomach pain, carminative, aromatic, antispasmodic.
16) CARDUS, MILK THISTLE, MARY THISTLE
Carduus marianus syn. Silybum marianum (Compositae)
Milk thistle has been in use as a remedy for liver problems for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. It is used in a whole range of liver and bladder conditions including hepatitis and cirrhosis. Recent research has confirmed that the herb has a remarkable ability to protect the liver from damage resulting from alcoholic and other types of poisoning. Today, milk thistle is widely used in the West for the treatment of a range of liver conditions.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, liver tonic, stimulates secretion of bile, increases breast-milk production, antidepressant.
17) CELERY, SMALLAGE
Apium graveolens (Umbelliferae)
More familiar as a vegetable than as a medicine, celery find its main use in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis and gout. Containing apiol, the seeds are also used as a urinary antiseptic. Celery is a good cleansing, diuretic herb, and the seeds are used specifically for arthritic complaints where there is an accumulation of waste products. The seeds also have a reputation as a carminative with a mild tranquilizing effect. The stems are less significant medicinally.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-rheumatic, antispasmodic, diuretic, urinary antiseptic.
18) CHAMOMILE, GERMAN CHAMOMILE
Chamomilla recutita syn. Matricaria recutita (Compositae)
Its flowers help to ease indigestion, nervousness, depressions and headaches, being ideal for emotion related problems such as peptic ulcers, colitis, spastic colon and nervous indigestion. Chamomile's essential oil have anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic and anti-microbial activity. It is an excellent herb for many digestive disorders and for nervous tension and irritability. Externally, it is used for sore skin and eczema. Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) is a close relation, used in a similar way.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, relaxant, carminative, bitter, nervine.
19) CHICORY
Cicorium intybus (Compositae)
As a tea or extract, chicory root is a bitter digestive tonic that also increases bile flow and decrease inflammation. Its roasted root is commonly used as a coffee substitute. Chicory is an excellent mild bitter tonic for the liver and digestive tract. The root is therapeutically similar to dandelion root supporting the action of the stomach and liver and cleansing the urinary tract. Chicory is also taken for rheumatic conditions and gout, and as a mild laxative, one particularly appropriate for children. An infusion of the leaves and flowers also aids the digestion.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, liver tonic, anti-rheumatic, mild laxative.
20) CINNAMON
Cinnamomum verum syn. C. zeylanicum (Lauraceae)
The infusion or powder is used for stomach pains and cramps. Traditionally, the herb was taken for colds, flu and digestive problems.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Warming stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic, anti-viral.
21) CLOVE
Eugenia caryophyllata syn. Syzgium aromaticum (Myrtaceae)
The dried flower buds, clove, are extensively used as spice. The buds, leaves and stems are used for the extractions of clove's oil. The oil contains eugenol, a strong anesthetic and antiseptic substance. Cloves are also well known for their antispasmodic and stimulant properties.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, mind and body stimulant, analgesic, antibacterial, carminative.
22) COMFREY, KNITBONE
Symphytum officinale (Boraginaceae)
Comfrey leaves and roots contain allantoin, a cell multiplication agent that increases the healing of wounds. Today, it is still highly regarded for its healing properties. Externally it is used for rashes, wounds, inflammations and skin problems. Internally, comfrey has action over the digestive tract helping to cure ulcers and colitis. It is also used for a variety of respiratory problems.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive problems, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, astringent.
23) CORIANDER
Coriandrum sativum (Umbelliferae)
It aids digestion, reduce flatulence and improves appetite. It helps relieving spasms within the gut and counters the effects of nervous tension. Coriander is also chewed to sweeten the breath, especially after consumption of garlic (Allium sativum). It is applied externally as a lotion for rheumatic pain. Coriander essential oil is used in the manufacture of perfumes, cosmetics and dentifrices.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, antispasmodic, anti-rheumatic.
24) CYMBOPOGON, LEMON GRASS
Cymbopogon citratus (Gramineae)
Its oil is used as a culinary flavoring, a scent and medicine. Lemon grass is principally taken as a tea to remedy digestive problems diarrhea and stomach ache. It relaxes the muscles of the stomach and gut, relieves cramping pains and flatulence and is particularly suitable for children. In the Caribbean, lemon grass is primarily regarded as a fever-reducing herb. It is applied externally as a poultice or as diluted essential oil to ease pain and arthritis.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, antispasmodic, analgesic.
25) DAMIANA
Turnera diffusa syn. T. diffusa var. aphrodisiaca (Turneraceae)
It has an ancient reputation as an aphrodisiac and is an excellent remedy for the nervous system acting as a stimulant and tonic in cases of mild depression. Damiana has a strongly aromatic, slightly bitter taste. The leaves are used to flavor liqueurs and are taken in Mexico as a substitute for tea.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Nerve tonic, antidepressant, urinary antiseptic.
26) DANDELION
Taraxacum officinale (Compositae)
Known principally as a weed, dandelion has an astonishing range of health benefits. The leaves, which can be eaten in salads, are a powerful diuretic. The roots act as a "blood purifier" that helps both kidneys and the liver to remove impurities from the blood. This effect seems to be due to its potassium content. It also acts like a mild laxative and improves appetite and digestion.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Diuretic, digestive, antibiotic, bitter.
27) DILL
Anethum graveolens syn. Peucedanum graveolens (Umbelliferae)
Dill has always been considered a remedy for the stomach, relieving wind and calming the digestion. Dill's essential oil relieves intestinal spasms and griping and helps to settle colic, hence it is often used in gripe water mixtures. Chewing the seeds improves bad breath. Dill makes a useful addition to cough, cold and flu remedies, and is a mild diuretic. Dill increases milk production, and when taken regularly by nursing mothers, helps to prevent colic in their babies.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, antibacterial, antispasmodic, diuretic.
28) EUCALYPTUS, BLUE GUM
Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae)
Eucalyptus is a powerful antiseptic used all over the world for relieving coughs and colds, sore throats and other infections. The leaves cool the body and relive fever. Inhaling the vapors of the essential oils heated in water, clears sinus and bronchial congestions. Eucaliptol, one of the substances found in the essential oil, is one of the main constituents of the many existing commercial formulas of chest rubs for colds. The essential oil has also strong anti-biotic, anti-viral and anti-fungal action. Eucalyptus is a common ingredient in many over-the-counter cold remedies.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, expectorant, stimulates local blood flow, anti-fungal.
29) FENNEL
Foeniculum vulgare (Umbelliferae)
The primary use of fennel seeds is to relieve flatulence, but they also settle colic, stimulate the appetite and digestion. Fennel is also diuretic and anti-inflammatory. Like anise (Pimpinella anisum) and caraway (Carum carvi), it has a calming effect on bronchitis and coughs. An infusion of the seeds may be taken as a gargle for sore throats and as a mild expectorant. Fennel increases breast-milk production and the herb is still used as an eye wash for sore eyes and conjunctivitis. Essential oil from the sweet variety is used for its digestive and relaxing properties.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory.
30) GARLIC
Allium sativum (Liliaceae)
Recognized for its pungent odor and taste, garlic is a powerful home medicine for the treatment for a host of health problems. It is one of the most effective anti-biotic plants available, acting on bacteria, viruses and alimentary parasites. It counters many infections, including those of the nose, throat and chest. Garlic is also known to reduce cholesterol, helps circulatory disorders, such as high blood pressure, and lower blood sugar levels, making it useful in cases of late-onset diabetes.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antibiotic, expectorant, diaphoretic, hypotensive, antispasmodic, expels worms.
31) GENTIAN
Gentiana lutea (Gentianaceae)
Gentian is a powerful bitter that stimulates appetite and promotes digestion through the increased production of saliva, gastric juices and bile. It also decreases gastric inflammation and kill worms. Gentian is also used to treat liver and spleen problems and to promote menstruation. Medicinally, gentian strengthens a weak or under-active digestive system.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Bitter, digestive stimulant, eases stomach pain.
32) GINGER
Zingiber officinali (Zingiberaceae)
The Chinese consider ginger as an important drug to treat cold and encourage sweating. Ginger brings relief to digestion, stimulates circulation, reduce headaches and kill intestinal parasites.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Diaphoretic, carminative, circulatory stimulant, inhibits coughing, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic.
33) GINKGO
Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae)
Traditionally known as an anti-microbial and anti-tubercular action, it has now been shown that ginkgo as a profound activity on brain function and cerebral circulation. This action is useful to prevent dizziness, tinnitus, short-term memory loss, depression and other symptoms related to poor brain circulation. Its effect on poor circulation also used to treat other related disorders like diabetes, hemorrhoids and varicose veins. Ginkgo is also valuable for asthma.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Circulatory stimulant and tonic, anti-asthmatic, antispasmodic, anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory.
34) GINSENG
Panax ginseng (Araliaceae)
Ginseng increases mental and physical efficiency and resistance to stress and disease. It often shows a dual response like sedating or stimulating the central nervous system according to the condition it is being taken to treat. In the West, ginseng is regarded as a life-enhancing tonic.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Tonic, stimulant, physical and mental enhancement.
35) GUMPLANT
Grindelia camporum syn. G. robusta var. rigida (Compositae)
Its anti-spasmodic, expectorant and hypotensive actions find applications in treating heart conditions, asthmatic and bronchial conditions. It has been employed in the treatment of wooping cough, hay fever and cystitis. Externally in relieves and heals skin irritations and burns.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-spasmodic, expectorant, hypotensive.
36) HAMAMELIS, WITCH HAZEL
Hamamamelis virginiana (Hamamelidaceae)
Witch hazel acts mostly on the veins and circulation. For this reason it has been used to decrease the inflammation and pain of bruises, sore muscles, bleeding, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, phlebitis, and insect bites. American indians used poultices soaked in a decoction of bark to treat tumors and inflammations, especially of the eye, and took the herb internally for hemorrhaging and heavy menstrual bleeding.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Astringent, anti-inflammatory, stops external and internal bleeding.
37) HAWTHORN
Crataegus oxyacantha & C. monogyna (Rosaceae)
It has been shown that its effects are only present when a whole plant preparation is used. Its applications are: the loss of cardiac function, feelings of congestions and oppression in the hearth region. Western herbalists consider it literally to be a "food for the heart", increasing blood flow to the heart muscles and restoring normal heart beat. Recent research has confirmed the validity of these uses.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Cardiotonic, diuretic, astringent, dilates blood vessels, relaxant, antioxidant.
38) HYSSOP
Hyssopus officinalis (Labiatae)
Currently an undervalued medicinal herb, hyssop is potentially useful as it is both calming and tonic. It has a large spectrum of uses which are due to its anti-spasmodic action. It is used in coughs, bronchitis, tight-chestedness, respiratory catarrh, sore throat and common cold. As a sedative, hyssop is a useful remedy against asthma in both children and adults, especially where the condition is exacerbated by mucus congestion.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-spasmodic, expectorant, diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, hepatic.
39) JASMINE
Jasminum grandiflorum (Oleaceae)
Jasmine flowers make a calming and sedative infusion, taken to relieve tension. The oil is considered antidepressant and relaxing. It is used externally to soothe dry and sensitive skin.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Aromatic, anti-spasmodic, expectorant.
40) JUNIPER
Juniperus communis (Cupressaceae)
It is a valuable remedy for cystitis, and helps relieve fluid retention, but should be avoided in cases of kidney disease. In the digestive system, juniper is warming and settling, easing colic and supporting the function of the stomach. Taken internally or applied externally, juniper is helpful in the treatment of chronic arthritis, gout and rheumatic conditions. Applied externally as a diluted essential oil, it has a slightly warming effect on the skin and is thought to promote the removal of waste products from underlying tissues.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Diuretic, anti-microbial, carminative, anti-rheumatic.
57) RADISH
Raphanus sativus (Cruciferae)
Radish stimulates the appetite and the digestion. The juice of the black radish is drunk to counter gassy indigestion and constipation. Black radish juice has a tonic and laxative action on the intestines, and indirectly stimulates the flow of bile. Consuming radish generally results in improved digestion, but some people are sensitive to its acridity and strong action. In China, radish is eaten to relieve abdominal distention.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, mild laxative.
58) RAUVOLFIA, INDIAN SNAKEROOT
Rauvolfia serpentina (Apocynaceae)
Indian snakeroot contains reserpine, a substance now widely used to lower blood pressure and lessen some symptoms of mental illness. The root has a pronounced sedative and depressant effect on the sympathetic nervous system. By reducing the system's activity, the herb brings about the lowering of blood pressure. It may also be used to treat anxiety and insomnia, as well as more serious mental health problems such as psychosis.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antidepressant, lowers blood pressure.
59) RHUBARB, CHINESE RHUBARB
Rheum palmatum (Polysonaceae)
Its main use is as a laxative safe even for young children due to its gentle action. It is also extremely effective in the treatment for many digestive problems. Paradoxically, it is a laxative when taken in large doses but has a constipating effect in small measures. The rhizome has an astringent, unpleasant taste.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Laxative, constipating, astringent, eases stomach pain, antibacterial.
60) ROSE
Rosa gallica (Rosaceae)
The essential oil, called "attar of rose", is used in aromatherapy as a mildly sedative, antidepressant and anti-inflammatory remedy. Rose petals and their preparations have a similar action. They also reduce high cholesterol levels. Rosewater is mildly astringent and makes a valuable lotion for inflamed and sore eyes.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Aromatic, antidepressant,, sedative, anti-inflammatory.
61) ROSEMARY
Rosmarinus officinalis (Labiatae)
Rosemary is a well-known and greatly valued herb that is native to southern Europe. It has been used since antiquity to improve and strengthen the memory. Rosemary leaves increase circulation, reduce headaches and have anti-bacterial and fungal properties. Rosemary improves food absorbtion by stimulating digestion, the liver, the intestinal tract, and the gallbladder. It also is used in antiseptic gargles for sore throats, gum problems and canker sores. Rosemary has a long-standing reputation as a tonic, invigorating herb, imparting a zest for life that is to some degree reflected in its distinctive aromatic taste.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Tonic, stimulant, astringent, nervine, anti-inflammatory, carminative.
62) RUE
Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae)
The rutin contained in the plant helps to strengthen fragile blood vessels and alleviates varicose veins. Rue is also used due to its antispasmodic properties, especially in the digestive system where it eases griping and bowel tension. The easing of spasms gives it a role in the stopping of spasmodic coughs. In European herbal medicine, rue has also been taken to treat conditions as varied as hysteria, epilepsy, vertigo, colic, intestinal worms, poisoning and eye problems. The latter use is well founded, as an infusion used as an eyewash brings quick relief to strained and tired eyes, and reputedly improves the eyesight.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antispasmodic, increases peripheral blood circulation, relieves eye tension.
63) SAGE, CLARY CLARY SAGE
Salvia sclarea (Labiatae)
Clary sage has been perceived both as a weaker version of its close relative, sage (S. officinalis), and as a significant herb in its own right. Since the seeds were once commonly used to treat eye problems, it was also known as "clear eye". An antispasmodic and aromatic plant, clary sage is used today mainly to treat digestive problems such as wind and indigestion. It is also regarded as a tonic, calming herb that helps relieve period pain and premenstrual problems. Owing to its estrogen-stimulating action, it is most effective when levels of this hormone are low.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Astringent, antiseptic, aromatic, carminative, estrogenic, reduces sweating, tonic.
64) SAGE
Salvia officinalis (Labiatae)
Its leaves are a well-known cold germ and flu fighter. It has been found to be very effective to reduce many physical emissions like sweating and is an excellent remedy for sore throats, poor digestion and irregular periods. It is also taken as a gently stimulating tonic. It has a slightly warm, noticeably bitter and astringent taste.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Astringent, antiseptic, aromatic, carminative, estrogenic, reduces sweating, tonic.
65) SANDALWOOD
Santalum album (Santalaceae)
The heartwood is most often used in perfumery, but it has also been taken as a remedy in China since around AD 500. Sandalwood and its essential oil are used for their antiseptic properties in treating genito-urinary conditions such as cystitis and gonorrhea. In India, a paste of the wood is used to soothe rashes and itchy skin. In China, sandalwood is held to be useful for chest and abdominal pain.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, aromatic.
66) SARSAPARILLA
Smilax spp. (Liliaceae)
Sarsaparilla is anti-inflammatory and cleansing, and can bring relief to skin problems such as eczema, psoriasis and general itchiness, and help treat rheumatism, rheumatoid, arthritis and gout. Sarsaparilla also has a progesterogenic action, making it beneficial in pre-menstrual problems, and menopausal conditions such as debility and depression.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic.
67) SCOTS PINE
Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae)
Its oil, extracted from the leaves, is added to disinfectants and other preparations. Scots pine leaves, taken internally, have a mildly antiseptic effect within the chest, and may also be used for arthritic and rheumatic problems. Essential oil from the leaves may be taken for asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory infections, and for digestive disorders such as wind. Scots pine branches and stems yield a thick resin, which is also antiseptic within the respiratory tract. The seeds yield an essential oil with diuretic and respiratory-stimulant properties.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, diuretic and anti-rheumatic.
68) SESAME
Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae)
The seeds are prescribed for problems such as dizziness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and blurred vision. Owing to their lubricating effect within the digestive tract, the seeds are also considered a remedy for constipation. Sesame seed oil benefits the skin and is used as a base for cosmetics. A decoction of the root is used in various traditions to treat coughs and asthma.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, aromatic, antispasmodic.
69) ST JOHN'S WORT
Hypericum perforatum (Guttiferae)
St. John's wort flowers at the time of the summer solstice, and in medieval Europe it was considered to have powerful magical properties that enabled it to repel evil. The most well-known action of St. John's wort is in repairing nerve damage and reducing pain and inflammation. It is taken to relieve the pain of menstrual cramps, sciatica and arthritis. The oil is applied to inflammations, sprains, bruises and varicose veins. St. John's wort is also used to treat circulation problems, bronchitis and gout.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antidepressant, antispasmodic, astringent, sedative, relieves pain, anti-viral.
70) TARRAGON
Artemisia dracunculus (Compositae)
Tarragon is widely used as a herb in cooking. In French, it is sometimes known as herbe au dragon, because of its reputed ability to cure serpent bites. While tarragon stimulates the digestion, it is reputed to be a mild sedative and has been taken to aid sleep. With its mild menstruation-inducing properties, it is taken if periods are delayed. The root has traditionally been applied to aching teeth.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, digestive.
71) TEA TREE
Malaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae)
Tea tree, and in particular its essential oil, is one of the most important natural antiseptics. Useful for stings, burns, wounds and skin infections of all kinds, the herb merits a place in every medicine chest. Its therapeutic properties were first researched during the 1920s and it is now widely used in Europe and the US, as well as in Australia.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral.
72) THYME
Thymus vulgaris (Labiatae)
Its main medicinal application is in treating coughs and clearing congestion. Many current formulas for mouth washes and vapor rubs contain thymol, one of the constituents found in thyme. It also improves digestion, destroys intestinal parasites and is an excellent antiseptic and tonic.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, tonic, relieves muscle spasm, expectorant.
73) TURMERIC
Curcuma longa syn. C. domestica (Zingiberaceae)
Best known for its bright yellow color and spicy taste to lovers of Indian food, its medicinal value is not so well known. However, recent research has confirmed the effects traditionally associated in ancient practices in the treatment of digestive and liver problems. The herb has also been shown to inhibit blood-clotting, relieve inflammatory conditions and help lower cholesterol levels.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Stimulates secretion of bile, anti-inflammatory, eases stomach pain, antioxidant, antibacterial.
74) VALERIAN
Valeriana officinalis (Valerianaceae)
Valerian root is a general tranquilizer used for relieving nervous tension, insomnia and headaches. Valerian decreases muscular spasm, being useful in cases of nervous digestion, bowel syndrome, stomach and menstrual cramps. Valerian helps relieve stress and has become an increasingly popular remedy in recent decades. It is a safe, non-addictive relaxant that reduces nervous tension and anxiety and promotes restful sleep.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Sedative, relaxant, relieves muscle spasm, relieves anxiety, lowers blood pressure.
75) VERBENA
Verbena officinalis (Verbenaceae)
Verbena is used in mouth washes for infected gums and as a poultice for hemorrhoids. A tea has been used as a nerve tonic, to treat insomnia and to help digestion. It has tonic, restorative properties, and is used to relieve stress and anxiety, and to improve digestive function.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Nervine, tonic, mild sedative, stimulates bile secretion, mild bitter.
76) WHITE WILLOW
Salix alba (Salicaceae)
White willow is an excellent remedy for arthritic and rheumatic pain, affecting the joints like knees and hips.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, reduces fever, anti-rheumatic, astringent.
77) WORMWOOD
Artemisia absinthium (Compositae)
Wormwood leave's primary uses is to stimulate the gallbladder, help prevent and release stones, and to adjust digestive malfunctions. It also increases bile secretion and is useful in expelling intestinal worms. It is taken in small doses and sipped, the intensely bitter taste playing an important part in its therapeutic effect. In the past, wormwood was one of the main flavorings of vermouth (whose name derives from the German for wormwood).
MAIN PROPERTIES: Aromatic bitter, stimulates secretion of bile, anti-inflammatory, eliminates worms, eases stomach pains, mild antidepressant.
78) WILD THYME
Thymus serpyllum (Labiatae)
Like its close relative thyme (Thymus vulgaris), wild thyme is strongly antiseptic and anti-fungal. It may be taken as an infusion or syrup to treat flu and colds, sore throats, coughs, whooping cough, chest infections, and bronchitis. Wild thyme has anti-catarrhal properties and helps clear a stuffy nose, sinusitis, ear congestion and related complaints. It has been used to expel thread worms and roundworms in children, and is used to settle wind and colic. Wild thyme's antispasmodic action makes it useful and is used to settle wind and colic. Wild thyme is also used in herbal baths and pillows.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, anti-fungal, antispasmodic.
79) YARROW
Achillea millefolium (Compositae)
It has long been taken as a strengthening bitter tonic and all kinds of bitter drinks have been made from it. Yarrow helps recovery from colds and flu and is beneficial for hay fever. It is also helpful for menstrual problems and circulatory disorders.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antispasmodic, astringent, bitter tonic, increases sweating, lowers blood pressure, reduces fever, mild diuretic and urinary antiseptic.
80) YLANG -YLANG
Canananga odorata syn. Canangium odoratum (Annonaceae)
Their scent is thought to have aphrodisiac qualities. The flowers and essential oil are sedative and antiseptic. The oil has a soothing effect, and its main therapeutic uses are to slow an excessively fast heart rate and to lower blood pressure. With its reputation as an aphrodisiac, ylang-ylang may be helpful in treating impotence.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, aromatic, regulates blood pressure.
Aloe vera syn. A. barbadensis (Liliaceae)
The clear gel found inside the plant's leaf contains aloin, are both used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. It is a effective healer of wounds and burns, speeding up the rate of healing and reducing the risk of infection. The brownish part containing aloin is a strong laxative, useful for short-term constipation. Aloe is present in many cosmetic's formulae because its emollient and scar preventing properties.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Heals wounds, emollient, laxative.
2) ANGELICA
Angelica arcangelica (Umbelliferae)
Angelica has been used to reduce muscular spasms in asthma and bronchitis. It has also been shown to ease rheumatic inflammation, to regulate menstrual flow and as an appetite stimulant. The stems are candied for culinary use.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antispasmodic, promotes menstrual flow.
3) ANISE
Pimpinella anisum (Umbelliferae)
It has been used as a flavoring spice in recipes and as a diuretic, to treat digestive problems and to relieve toothache. Anise seeds are known for their ability to reduce flatulence and colic, to settle the digestion, to relieve colic, and to ease nausea and indigestion. It also has an expectorant and antispasmodics action that is helpful in countering period pain, asthma, whooping cough and bronchitis. The mild hormonal action of anise seeds may explain its ability to increase breast-milk production and its reputation for easing childbirth and treating impotence and frigidity. Anise essential oil is used externally to treat lice and scabies.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Reduces colic and flatulence, promotes digestion, antispasmodic
4) ARNICA
Arnica montana (Compositae)
Arnica improves the local blood supply and accelerates healing. It is anti-inflammatory and increases the rate of re-absorption of internal bleeding. The internal use of arnica is restricted to homeopathic dosages as it is potentially toxic.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, germicide, muscular soreness, pain reliever.
5) ARROWROOT
Maranta arundinacea (Marantaceae)
Its root is used as a poultice for smallpox sores, and as an infusion for urinary infections. It helps to relieve acidity, indigestion and colic, and is mildly laxative. It may be applied as an ointment or poultice mixed with some other antiseptic herbs such as comfrey.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, digestive, antiseptic.
6) ARTEMISIA, WORMWOOD
Artemisia absinthium (Compositae)
Wormwood has a marked tonic effect on the stomach, the gallbladder and in adjusting weak digestive problems. It is used to expel roundworms and threadworms. By improving the functions of the digestive system it helps in many conditions, including anaemia. It is also a muscle relaxant occasionally used to treat rheumatism. The leaves of wormwood have antiseptic properties which may derive from the azulenes that the plant contains.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Bitter, carminative, muscle relaxant, antiseptic.
7) BASIL, HOLY BASIL
Ocimum sanctum (Labiatae)
The herb has very important medicinal properties - notably its ability to reduce blood sugar levels. It also prevents peptic ulcers and other stress related conditions like hypertension, colitis and asthma. Basil is also used to treat cold and reduce fever, congestion and joint pain. Due to its anti-bacterial and fungicide action, basil leaves are used on itching skin, insect biting and skin affections.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Lowers blood sugar levels, antispasmodic, analgesic, lowers blood pressure, reduces fever, fungicidal, anti-inflammatory.
8) BELLADONA, DEADLY NITIGHTSHADE
Atropa belladonna (Solanaceae)
Herba bella dona, or "herb of the beautiful lady" is known for its poisonous effects (belladonna increases heartbeat and can lead to death), like many other plants it is an important and beneficial remedy when used correctly. Belladonna contains atropine used in conventional medicine to dilate the pupils for eye examinations and as an anesthetic. In herbal medicine, deadly nightshade is mainly prescribed to relieve intestinal colic, to treat peptic ulcers and to relax distended organs, especially the stomach and intestine. Deadly nightshade is also used as an anaesthetic in conventional medicine.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Smooth muscle, antispasmodic, narcotic, reduces sweating, sedative.
9) BENZOIN GUM
Styrax benzoin (Styraceae)
Its trunk exudes a gum well known for its strong astringent and antiseptic action. For this reason it is used externally to fight tissue inflammation and disinfection of wounds. When taken internally, benzoin gum acts to settle griping pain, to stimulate coughing, and to disinfect the urinary tract. Benzoin gum is widely used in cosmetics as an antioxidant in oils, as a fixative in perfumes and as an additive to soaps. When steam inhaled, it helps healing sore throats, head and chest colds, asthma and bronchitis.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, astringent, anti-inflammatory.
10) BERGAMOT
Citrus bergamia syn. C. aurantium var. bergamia (Rutaceae)
Bergamot oil, expressed from the peel, assists in avoiding infectious diseases. In cosmetics it is used in preventing oily skin, acne, psoriasis and acne. The oil (or constituents of it) is sometimes added to sun-tanning oils. Bergamot oil is also used to relieve tension, relax muscle spasms and improve digestion.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Disinfectant, muscle relaxant.
11) BITTER ORANGE
Citrus aurantium (Rutaceae)
Its oil contains flavonoids which are anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal. Bitter orange juice is rich in vitamin C which helps the immune system. As an infusion, it helps to relieve fever, soothe headaches and lower fever. It yields neroli oil from its flowers, and the oil known as petitgrain from its leaves and young shoots. Both distillates are used extensively in perfumery. Orange flower water is a by-product of distillation and is used in perfumery and to flavor sweets and biscuits, as well as being used medicinally to reduce heart rate and palpitations, to encourage sleep and calm the digestive tract.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, digestive.
12) BOLDO
Peumus boldus (Umbelliferae)
It activates the secretion of saliva and gastric juices. Boldine, one of its constituents, induces the flow of bile as well as the total amount of solids that it excretes. Its protective action over the hepatic cells has been demonstrated "in vitro" and "in vivo". Boldo stimulates liver activity and bile flow and is chiefly valued as a remedy for gallstones and liver or gallbladder pain. It is normally taken for a few weeks at a time, either as a tincture or infusion. Boldo also has antiseptic properties which help in combating cystitis.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Bile and liver activity stimulant, digestive.
13) CALENDULA, MARIGOLD
Calendula officinallis (Compositae)
Marigold is one of the best herbs for treating local skin problems. Infusions or decoctions of Calendula petals decrease the inflammation of sprains, stings, varicose veins and other swellings and also soothes burns, sunburns, rashes and skin irritations. These remedies are excellent for inflamed and bruised skin, their antiseptic and healing properties helping to prevent the spread of infection and accelerate the healing. Marigold is also a cleansing and detoxifying herb, and the infusion and tincture are used to treat chronic infections. Taken internally, it has been used traditionally to promote the draining of swollen lymph glands such as tonsillitis.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, astringent, heals wounds, antiseptic, detoxifying.
14) CAMPHOR
Cinnamomum camphora syn. Laurus camphora (Lauraceae)
Camphor crystals have strong antiseptic, stimulant and antispasmodic properties and are applied externally as unguents or balms as a counter-irritant and analgesic liniment to relieve arthritic and rheumatic pains, neuralgia and back pain. It may also be applied to skin problems, such as cold sores and chilblains, and used as a chest rub for bronchitis and other chest infections.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, antispasmodic, analgesic, expectorant.
15) CARDAMOM
Elettaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae)
Cardamom is an excellent remedy for many digestive problems, helping to soothe indigestion, dyspepsia, gastralgia, colon spasms and flatulence. It has an aromatic and pungent taste and combines well with other herbs and helps to disguise the less pleasant taste of other herbs.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Eases stomach pain, carminative, aromatic, antispasmodic.
16) CARDUS, MILK THISTLE, MARY THISTLE
Carduus marianus syn. Silybum marianum (Compositae)
Milk thistle has been in use as a remedy for liver problems for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. It is used in a whole range of liver and bladder conditions including hepatitis and cirrhosis. Recent research has confirmed that the herb has a remarkable ability to protect the liver from damage resulting from alcoholic and other types of poisoning. Today, milk thistle is widely used in the West for the treatment of a range of liver conditions.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, liver tonic, stimulates secretion of bile, increases breast-milk production, antidepressant.
17) CELERY, SMALLAGE
Apium graveolens (Umbelliferae)
More familiar as a vegetable than as a medicine, celery find its main use in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis and gout. Containing apiol, the seeds are also used as a urinary antiseptic. Celery is a good cleansing, diuretic herb, and the seeds are used specifically for arthritic complaints where there is an accumulation of waste products. The seeds also have a reputation as a carminative with a mild tranquilizing effect. The stems are less significant medicinally.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-rheumatic, antispasmodic, diuretic, urinary antiseptic.
18) CHAMOMILE, GERMAN CHAMOMILE
Chamomilla recutita syn. Matricaria recutita (Compositae)
Its flowers help to ease indigestion, nervousness, depressions and headaches, being ideal for emotion related problems such as peptic ulcers, colitis, spastic colon and nervous indigestion. Chamomile's essential oil have anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic and anti-microbial activity. It is an excellent herb for many digestive disorders and for nervous tension and irritability. Externally, it is used for sore skin and eczema. Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) is a close relation, used in a similar way.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, relaxant, carminative, bitter, nervine.
19) CHICORY
Cicorium intybus (Compositae)
As a tea or extract, chicory root is a bitter digestive tonic that also increases bile flow and decrease inflammation. Its roasted root is commonly used as a coffee substitute. Chicory is an excellent mild bitter tonic for the liver and digestive tract. The root is therapeutically similar to dandelion root supporting the action of the stomach and liver and cleansing the urinary tract. Chicory is also taken for rheumatic conditions and gout, and as a mild laxative, one particularly appropriate for children. An infusion of the leaves and flowers also aids the digestion.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, liver tonic, anti-rheumatic, mild laxative.
20) CINNAMON
Cinnamomum verum syn. C. zeylanicum (Lauraceae)
The infusion or powder is used for stomach pains and cramps. Traditionally, the herb was taken for colds, flu and digestive problems.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Warming stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic, anti-viral.
21) CLOVE
Eugenia caryophyllata syn. Syzgium aromaticum (Myrtaceae)
The dried flower buds, clove, are extensively used as spice. The buds, leaves and stems are used for the extractions of clove's oil. The oil contains eugenol, a strong anesthetic and antiseptic substance. Cloves are also well known for their antispasmodic and stimulant properties.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, mind and body stimulant, analgesic, antibacterial, carminative.
22) COMFREY, KNITBONE
Symphytum officinale (Boraginaceae)
Comfrey leaves and roots contain allantoin, a cell multiplication agent that increases the healing of wounds. Today, it is still highly regarded for its healing properties. Externally it is used for rashes, wounds, inflammations and skin problems. Internally, comfrey has action over the digestive tract helping to cure ulcers and colitis. It is also used for a variety of respiratory problems.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive problems, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, astringent.
23) CORIANDER
Coriandrum sativum (Umbelliferae)
It aids digestion, reduce flatulence and improves appetite. It helps relieving spasms within the gut and counters the effects of nervous tension. Coriander is also chewed to sweeten the breath, especially after consumption of garlic (Allium sativum). It is applied externally as a lotion for rheumatic pain. Coriander essential oil is used in the manufacture of perfumes, cosmetics and dentifrices.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, antispasmodic, anti-rheumatic.
24) CYMBOPOGON, LEMON GRASS
Cymbopogon citratus (Gramineae)
Its oil is used as a culinary flavoring, a scent and medicine. Lemon grass is principally taken as a tea to remedy digestive problems diarrhea and stomach ache. It relaxes the muscles of the stomach and gut, relieves cramping pains and flatulence and is particularly suitable for children. In the Caribbean, lemon grass is primarily regarded as a fever-reducing herb. It is applied externally as a poultice or as diluted essential oil to ease pain and arthritis.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, antispasmodic, analgesic.
25) DAMIANA
Turnera diffusa syn. T. diffusa var. aphrodisiaca (Turneraceae)
It has an ancient reputation as an aphrodisiac and is an excellent remedy for the nervous system acting as a stimulant and tonic in cases of mild depression. Damiana has a strongly aromatic, slightly bitter taste. The leaves are used to flavor liqueurs and are taken in Mexico as a substitute for tea.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Nerve tonic, antidepressant, urinary antiseptic.
26) DANDELION
Taraxacum officinale (Compositae)
Known principally as a weed, dandelion has an astonishing range of health benefits. The leaves, which can be eaten in salads, are a powerful diuretic. The roots act as a "blood purifier" that helps both kidneys and the liver to remove impurities from the blood. This effect seems to be due to its potassium content. It also acts like a mild laxative and improves appetite and digestion.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Diuretic, digestive, antibiotic, bitter.
27) DILL
Anethum graveolens syn. Peucedanum graveolens (Umbelliferae)
Dill has always been considered a remedy for the stomach, relieving wind and calming the digestion. Dill's essential oil relieves intestinal spasms and griping and helps to settle colic, hence it is often used in gripe water mixtures. Chewing the seeds improves bad breath. Dill makes a useful addition to cough, cold and flu remedies, and is a mild diuretic. Dill increases milk production, and when taken regularly by nursing mothers, helps to prevent colic in their babies.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, antibacterial, antispasmodic, diuretic.
28) EUCALYPTUS, BLUE GUM
Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae)
Eucalyptus is a powerful antiseptic used all over the world for relieving coughs and colds, sore throats and other infections. The leaves cool the body and relive fever. Inhaling the vapors of the essential oils heated in water, clears sinus and bronchial congestions. Eucaliptol, one of the substances found in the essential oil, is one of the main constituents of the many existing commercial formulas of chest rubs for colds. The essential oil has also strong anti-biotic, anti-viral and anti-fungal action. Eucalyptus is a common ingredient in many over-the-counter cold remedies.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, expectorant, stimulates local blood flow, anti-fungal.
29) FENNEL
Foeniculum vulgare (Umbelliferae)
The primary use of fennel seeds is to relieve flatulence, but they also settle colic, stimulate the appetite and digestion. Fennel is also diuretic and anti-inflammatory. Like anise (Pimpinella anisum) and caraway (Carum carvi), it has a calming effect on bronchitis and coughs. An infusion of the seeds may be taken as a gargle for sore throats and as a mild expectorant. Fennel increases breast-milk production and the herb is still used as an eye wash for sore eyes and conjunctivitis. Essential oil from the sweet variety is used for its digestive and relaxing properties.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory.
30) GARLIC
Allium sativum (Liliaceae)
Recognized for its pungent odor and taste, garlic is a powerful home medicine for the treatment for a host of health problems. It is one of the most effective anti-biotic plants available, acting on bacteria, viruses and alimentary parasites. It counters many infections, including those of the nose, throat and chest. Garlic is also known to reduce cholesterol, helps circulatory disorders, such as high blood pressure, and lower blood sugar levels, making it useful in cases of late-onset diabetes.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antibiotic, expectorant, diaphoretic, hypotensive, antispasmodic, expels worms.
31) GENTIAN
Gentiana lutea (Gentianaceae)
Gentian is a powerful bitter that stimulates appetite and promotes digestion through the increased production of saliva, gastric juices and bile. It also decreases gastric inflammation and kill worms. Gentian is also used to treat liver and spleen problems and to promote menstruation. Medicinally, gentian strengthens a weak or under-active digestive system.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Bitter, digestive stimulant, eases stomach pain.
32) GINGER
Zingiber officinali (Zingiberaceae)
The Chinese consider ginger as an important drug to treat cold and encourage sweating. Ginger brings relief to digestion, stimulates circulation, reduce headaches and kill intestinal parasites.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Diaphoretic, carminative, circulatory stimulant, inhibits coughing, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic.
33) GINKGO
Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae)
Traditionally known as an anti-microbial and anti-tubercular action, it has now been shown that ginkgo as a profound activity on brain function and cerebral circulation. This action is useful to prevent dizziness, tinnitus, short-term memory loss, depression and other symptoms related to poor brain circulation. Its effect on poor circulation also used to treat other related disorders like diabetes, hemorrhoids and varicose veins. Ginkgo is also valuable for asthma.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Circulatory stimulant and tonic, anti-asthmatic, antispasmodic, anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory.
34) GINSENG
Panax ginseng (Araliaceae)
Ginseng increases mental and physical efficiency and resistance to stress and disease. It often shows a dual response like sedating or stimulating the central nervous system according to the condition it is being taken to treat. In the West, ginseng is regarded as a life-enhancing tonic.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Tonic, stimulant, physical and mental enhancement.
35) GUMPLANT
Grindelia camporum syn. G. robusta var. rigida (Compositae)
Its anti-spasmodic, expectorant and hypotensive actions find applications in treating heart conditions, asthmatic and bronchial conditions. It has been employed in the treatment of wooping cough, hay fever and cystitis. Externally in relieves and heals skin irritations and burns.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-spasmodic, expectorant, hypotensive.
36) HAMAMELIS, WITCH HAZEL
Hamamamelis virginiana (Hamamelidaceae)
Witch hazel acts mostly on the veins and circulation. For this reason it has been used to decrease the inflammation and pain of bruises, sore muscles, bleeding, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, phlebitis, and insect bites. American indians used poultices soaked in a decoction of bark to treat tumors and inflammations, especially of the eye, and took the herb internally for hemorrhaging and heavy menstrual bleeding.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Astringent, anti-inflammatory, stops external and internal bleeding.
37) HAWTHORN
Crataegus oxyacantha & C. monogyna (Rosaceae)
It has been shown that its effects are only present when a whole plant preparation is used. Its applications are: the loss of cardiac function, feelings of congestions and oppression in the hearth region. Western herbalists consider it literally to be a "food for the heart", increasing blood flow to the heart muscles and restoring normal heart beat. Recent research has confirmed the validity of these uses.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Cardiotonic, diuretic, astringent, dilates blood vessels, relaxant, antioxidant.
38) HYSSOP
Hyssopus officinalis (Labiatae)
Currently an undervalued medicinal herb, hyssop is potentially useful as it is both calming and tonic. It has a large spectrum of uses which are due to its anti-spasmodic action. It is used in coughs, bronchitis, tight-chestedness, respiratory catarrh, sore throat and common cold. As a sedative, hyssop is a useful remedy against asthma in both children and adults, especially where the condition is exacerbated by mucus congestion.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-spasmodic, expectorant, diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, hepatic.
39) JASMINE
Jasminum grandiflorum (Oleaceae)
Jasmine flowers make a calming and sedative infusion, taken to relieve tension. The oil is considered antidepressant and relaxing. It is used externally to soothe dry and sensitive skin.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Aromatic, anti-spasmodic, expectorant.
40) JUNIPER
Juniperus communis (Cupressaceae)
It is a valuable remedy for cystitis, and helps relieve fluid retention, but should be avoided in cases of kidney disease. In the digestive system, juniper is warming and settling, easing colic and supporting the function of the stomach. Taken internally or applied externally, juniper is helpful in the treatment of chronic arthritis, gout and rheumatic conditions. Applied externally as a diluted essential oil, it has a slightly warming effect on the skin and is thought to promote the removal of waste products from underlying tissues.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Diuretic, anti-microbial, carminative, anti-rheumatic.
57) RADISH
Raphanus sativus (Cruciferae)
Radish stimulates the appetite and the digestion. The juice of the black radish is drunk to counter gassy indigestion and constipation. Black radish juice has a tonic and laxative action on the intestines, and indirectly stimulates the flow of bile. Consuming radish generally results in improved digestion, but some people are sensitive to its acridity and strong action. In China, radish is eaten to relieve abdominal distention.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, mild laxative.
58) RAUVOLFIA, INDIAN SNAKEROOT
Rauvolfia serpentina (Apocynaceae)
Indian snakeroot contains reserpine, a substance now widely used to lower blood pressure and lessen some symptoms of mental illness. The root has a pronounced sedative and depressant effect on the sympathetic nervous system. By reducing the system's activity, the herb brings about the lowering of blood pressure. It may also be used to treat anxiety and insomnia, as well as more serious mental health problems such as psychosis.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antidepressant, lowers blood pressure.
59) RHUBARB, CHINESE RHUBARB
Rheum palmatum (Polysonaceae)
Its main use is as a laxative safe even for young children due to its gentle action. It is also extremely effective in the treatment for many digestive problems. Paradoxically, it is a laxative when taken in large doses but has a constipating effect in small measures. The rhizome has an astringent, unpleasant taste.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Laxative, constipating, astringent, eases stomach pain, antibacterial.
60) ROSE
Rosa gallica (Rosaceae)
The essential oil, called "attar of rose", is used in aromatherapy as a mildly sedative, antidepressant and anti-inflammatory remedy. Rose petals and their preparations have a similar action. They also reduce high cholesterol levels. Rosewater is mildly astringent and makes a valuable lotion for inflamed and sore eyes.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Aromatic, antidepressant,, sedative, anti-inflammatory.
61) ROSEMARY
Rosmarinus officinalis (Labiatae)
Rosemary is a well-known and greatly valued herb that is native to southern Europe. It has been used since antiquity to improve and strengthen the memory. Rosemary leaves increase circulation, reduce headaches and have anti-bacterial and fungal properties. Rosemary improves food absorbtion by stimulating digestion, the liver, the intestinal tract, and the gallbladder. It also is used in antiseptic gargles for sore throats, gum problems and canker sores. Rosemary has a long-standing reputation as a tonic, invigorating herb, imparting a zest for life that is to some degree reflected in its distinctive aromatic taste.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Tonic, stimulant, astringent, nervine, anti-inflammatory, carminative.
62) RUE
Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae)
The rutin contained in the plant helps to strengthen fragile blood vessels and alleviates varicose veins. Rue is also used due to its antispasmodic properties, especially in the digestive system where it eases griping and bowel tension. The easing of spasms gives it a role in the stopping of spasmodic coughs. In European herbal medicine, rue has also been taken to treat conditions as varied as hysteria, epilepsy, vertigo, colic, intestinal worms, poisoning and eye problems. The latter use is well founded, as an infusion used as an eyewash brings quick relief to strained and tired eyes, and reputedly improves the eyesight.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antispasmodic, increases peripheral blood circulation, relieves eye tension.
63) SAGE, CLARY CLARY SAGE
Salvia sclarea (Labiatae)
Clary sage has been perceived both as a weaker version of its close relative, sage (S. officinalis), and as a significant herb in its own right. Since the seeds were once commonly used to treat eye problems, it was also known as "clear eye". An antispasmodic and aromatic plant, clary sage is used today mainly to treat digestive problems such as wind and indigestion. It is also regarded as a tonic, calming herb that helps relieve period pain and premenstrual problems. Owing to its estrogen-stimulating action, it is most effective when levels of this hormone are low.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Astringent, antiseptic, aromatic, carminative, estrogenic, reduces sweating, tonic.
64) SAGE
Salvia officinalis (Labiatae)
Its leaves are a well-known cold germ and flu fighter. It has been found to be very effective to reduce many physical emissions like sweating and is an excellent remedy for sore throats, poor digestion and irregular periods. It is also taken as a gently stimulating tonic. It has a slightly warm, noticeably bitter and astringent taste.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Astringent, antiseptic, aromatic, carminative, estrogenic, reduces sweating, tonic.
65) SANDALWOOD
Santalum album (Santalaceae)
The heartwood is most often used in perfumery, but it has also been taken as a remedy in China since around AD 500. Sandalwood and its essential oil are used for their antiseptic properties in treating genito-urinary conditions such as cystitis and gonorrhea. In India, a paste of the wood is used to soothe rashes and itchy skin. In China, sandalwood is held to be useful for chest and abdominal pain.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, aromatic.
66) SARSAPARILLA
Smilax spp. (Liliaceae)
Sarsaparilla is anti-inflammatory and cleansing, and can bring relief to skin problems such as eczema, psoriasis and general itchiness, and help treat rheumatism, rheumatoid, arthritis and gout. Sarsaparilla also has a progesterogenic action, making it beneficial in pre-menstrual problems, and menopausal conditions such as debility and depression.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic.
67) SCOTS PINE
Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae)
Its oil, extracted from the leaves, is added to disinfectants and other preparations. Scots pine leaves, taken internally, have a mildly antiseptic effect within the chest, and may also be used for arthritic and rheumatic problems. Essential oil from the leaves may be taken for asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory infections, and for digestive disorders such as wind. Scots pine branches and stems yield a thick resin, which is also antiseptic within the respiratory tract. The seeds yield an essential oil with diuretic and respiratory-stimulant properties.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, diuretic and anti-rheumatic.
68) SESAME
Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae)
The seeds are prescribed for problems such as dizziness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and blurred vision. Owing to their lubricating effect within the digestive tract, the seeds are also considered a remedy for constipation. Sesame seed oil benefits the skin and is used as a base for cosmetics. A decoction of the root is used in various traditions to treat coughs and asthma.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, aromatic, antispasmodic.
69) ST JOHN'S WORT
Hypericum perforatum (Guttiferae)
St. John's wort flowers at the time of the summer solstice, and in medieval Europe it was considered to have powerful magical properties that enabled it to repel evil. The most well-known action of St. John's wort is in repairing nerve damage and reducing pain and inflammation. It is taken to relieve the pain of menstrual cramps, sciatica and arthritis. The oil is applied to inflammations, sprains, bruises and varicose veins. St. John's wort is also used to treat circulation problems, bronchitis and gout.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antidepressant, antispasmodic, astringent, sedative, relieves pain, anti-viral.
70) TARRAGON
Artemisia dracunculus (Compositae)
Tarragon is widely used as a herb in cooking. In French, it is sometimes known as herbe au dragon, because of its reputed ability to cure serpent bites. While tarragon stimulates the digestion, it is reputed to be a mild sedative and has been taken to aid sleep. With its mild menstruation-inducing properties, it is taken if periods are delayed. The root has traditionally been applied to aching teeth.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, digestive.
71) TEA TREE
Malaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae)
Tea tree, and in particular its essential oil, is one of the most important natural antiseptics. Useful for stings, burns, wounds and skin infections of all kinds, the herb merits a place in every medicine chest. Its therapeutic properties were first researched during the 1920s and it is now widely used in Europe and the US, as well as in Australia.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral.
72) THYME
Thymus vulgaris (Labiatae)
Its main medicinal application is in treating coughs and clearing congestion. Many current formulas for mouth washes and vapor rubs contain thymol, one of the constituents found in thyme. It also improves digestion, destroys intestinal parasites and is an excellent antiseptic and tonic.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, tonic, relieves muscle spasm, expectorant.
73) TURMERIC
Curcuma longa syn. C. domestica (Zingiberaceae)
Best known for its bright yellow color and spicy taste to lovers of Indian food, its medicinal value is not so well known. However, recent research has confirmed the effects traditionally associated in ancient practices in the treatment of digestive and liver problems. The herb has also been shown to inhibit blood-clotting, relieve inflammatory conditions and help lower cholesterol levels.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Stimulates secretion of bile, anti-inflammatory, eases stomach pain, antioxidant, antibacterial.
74) VALERIAN
Valeriana officinalis (Valerianaceae)
Valerian root is a general tranquilizer used for relieving nervous tension, insomnia and headaches. Valerian decreases muscular spasm, being useful in cases of nervous digestion, bowel syndrome, stomach and menstrual cramps. Valerian helps relieve stress and has become an increasingly popular remedy in recent decades. It is a safe, non-addictive relaxant that reduces nervous tension and anxiety and promotes restful sleep.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Sedative, relaxant, relieves muscle spasm, relieves anxiety, lowers blood pressure.
75) VERBENA
Verbena officinalis (Verbenaceae)
Verbena is used in mouth washes for infected gums and as a poultice for hemorrhoids. A tea has been used as a nerve tonic, to treat insomnia and to help digestion. It has tonic, restorative properties, and is used to relieve stress and anxiety, and to improve digestive function.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Nervine, tonic, mild sedative, stimulates bile secretion, mild bitter.
76) WHITE WILLOW
Salix alba (Salicaceae)
White willow is an excellent remedy for arthritic and rheumatic pain, affecting the joints like knees and hips.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, reduces fever, anti-rheumatic, astringent.
77) WORMWOOD
Artemisia absinthium (Compositae)
Wormwood leave's primary uses is to stimulate the gallbladder, help prevent and release stones, and to adjust digestive malfunctions. It also increases bile secretion and is useful in expelling intestinal worms. It is taken in small doses and sipped, the intensely bitter taste playing an important part in its therapeutic effect. In the past, wormwood was one of the main flavorings of vermouth (whose name derives from the German for wormwood).
MAIN PROPERTIES: Aromatic bitter, stimulates secretion of bile, anti-inflammatory, eliminates worms, eases stomach pains, mild antidepressant.
78) WILD THYME
Thymus serpyllum (Labiatae)
Like its close relative thyme (Thymus vulgaris), wild thyme is strongly antiseptic and anti-fungal. It may be taken as an infusion or syrup to treat flu and colds, sore throats, coughs, whooping cough, chest infections, and bronchitis. Wild thyme has anti-catarrhal properties and helps clear a stuffy nose, sinusitis, ear congestion and related complaints. It has been used to expel thread worms and roundworms in children, and is used to settle wind and colic. Wild thyme's antispasmodic action makes it useful and is used to settle wind and colic. Wild thyme is also used in herbal baths and pillows.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, anti-fungal, antispasmodic.
79) YARROW
Achillea millefolium (Compositae)
It has long been taken as a strengthening bitter tonic and all kinds of bitter drinks have been made from it. Yarrow helps recovery from colds and flu and is beneficial for hay fever. It is also helpful for menstrual problems and circulatory disorders.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antispasmodic, astringent, bitter tonic, increases sweating, lowers blood pressure, reduces fever, mild diuretic and urinary antiseptic.
80) YLANG -YLANG
Canananga odorata syn. Canangium odoratum (Annonaceae)
Their scent is thought to have aphrodisiac qualities. The flowers and essential oil are sedative and antiseptic. The oil has a soothing effect, and its main therapeutic uses are to slow an excessively fast heart rate and to lower blood pressure. With its reputation as an aphrodisiac, ylang-ylang may be helpful in treating impotence.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, aromatic, regulates blood pressure.
Saturday, November 15, 2008
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